50-State Legal Guide

Medical Debt Rights by State

Know your rights. Every state has different laws protecting patients from unfair medical billing, aggressive collections, and surprise bills. Find your state below.

50
States Covered
3-10
Years SOL Range
200-400%
FPL Thresholds
97+
Templates Available

Alabama

AL
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:8%

No state law - Federal No Surprises Act applies

Alaska

AK
Basic
Debt SOL:3 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:10.5%

No state law - Federal applies

Arizona

AZ
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:10%

HB 2833 (2020) - Emergency service balance billing protection

Arkansas

AR
Moderate
Debt SOL:5 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:5%

No state law - Federal No Surprises Act applies

California

CA
Excellent
Debt SOL:4 years
Charity Care:400% FPL
Max Interest:0%

AB 72 (2017) - Nation's strongest surprise billing protection

Colorado

CO
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:250% FPL
Max Interest:8%

HB 19-1174 (2019) - Emergency and in-network facility protections

Connecticut

CT
Good
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:250% FPL
Max Interest:0%

HB 5609 (2015) - Emergency and out-of-network protection

Delaware

DE
Moderate
Debt SOL:3 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:5%

Limited state law - Federal applies

District of Columbia

DC
Moderate
Debt SOL:3 years
Charity Care:300% FPL
Max Interest:6%

DC Law 22-266 (2019) - Comprehensive protection

Florida

FL
Basic
Debt SOL:5 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:12%

HB 221 (2016) - Limited to HMO plans

Georgia

GA
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:7%

HB 888 (2020) - Emergency services and facility fees

Hawaii

HI
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:10%

Limited state law - Federal applies

Idaho

ID
Basic
Debt SOL:5 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:12%

No state law - Federal applies

Illinois

IL
Good
Debt SOL:5 years
Charity Care:300% FPL
Max Interest:0%

Network Adequacy and Transparency Act + HB 317

Indiana

IN
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:8%

No state law - Federal applies

Iowa

IA
Moderate
Debt SOL:5 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:5%

No state law - Federal applies

Kansas

KS
Basic
Debt SOL:5 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:10%

No state law - Federal applies

Kentucky

KY
Basic
Debt SOL:5 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:8%

No state law - Federal applies

Louisiana

LA
Basic
Debt SOL:3 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:12%

No state law - Federal applies

Maine

ME
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:6%

LD 1865 (2020) - Emergency services protection

Maryland

MD
Basic
Debt SOL:3 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:6%

HB 1122 (2017) - Comprehensive protection

Massachusetts

MA
Good
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:300% FPL
Max Interest:6%

Chapter 224 (2012) - One of first comprehensive laws

Michigan

MI
Good
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:5%

No state law - Federal applies

Minnesota

MN
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:275% FPL
Max Interest:6%

Limited state law - Federal applies

Mississippi

MS
Basic
Debt SOL:3 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:8%

No state law - Federal applies

Missouri

MO
Basic
Debt SOL:5 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:9%

SB 579 (2021) - Limited emergency protections

Montana

MT
Basic
Debt SOL:5 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:10%

No state law - Federal applies

Nebraska

NE
Basic
Debt SOL:5 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:6%

No state law - Federal applies

Nevada

NV
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:12%

AB 469 (2019) - Emergency and ground ambulance protection

New Hampshire

NH
Basic
Debt SOL:3 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:10%

HB 1809 (2018) - Emergency services protection

New Jersey

NJ
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:6%

P.L. 2018 c.32 - Comprehensive out-of-network protection

New Mexico

NM
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:15%

HB 147 (2019) - Comprehensive surprise billing law

New York

NY
Excellent
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:300% FPL
Max Interest:0%

Emergency Medical Services & Surprise Bills Law (2015) - PIONEER

North Carolina

NC
Basic
Debt SOL:3 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:8%

No state law - Federal applies

North Dakota

ND
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:6%

No state law - Federal applies

Ohio

OH
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:8%

No state law - Federal applies

Oklahoma

OK
Basic
Debt SOL:5 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:6%

No state law - Federal applies

Oregon

OR
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:9%

HB 2524 (2019) - Emergency services and facility fees

Pennsylvania

PA
Basic
Debt SOL:4 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:6%

No comprehensive state law - Federal applies

Rhode Island

RI
Moderate
Debt SOL:10 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:12%

Limited state law - Federal applies

South Carolina

SC
Basic
Debt SOL:3 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:8.75%

No state law - Federal applies

South Dakota

SD
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:15%

No state law - Federal applies

Tennessee

TN
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:10%

No state law - Federal applies

Texas

TX
Moderate
Debt SOL:4 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:5%

SB 1264 (2019) - One of strongest state surprise billing laws

Utah

UT
Moderate
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:10%

No state law - Federal applies

Vermont

VT
Good
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:300% FPL
Max Interest:12%

Act 77 (2019) - Comprehensive balance billing protection

Virginia

VA
Basic
Debt SOL:5 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:6%

HB 1251 (2020) - Emergency services protection

Washington

WA
Good
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:300% FPL
Max Interest:12%

HB 1065 (2019) - Comprehensive surprise billing law

West Virginia

WV
Moderate
Debt SOL:10 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:6%

No state law - Federal applies

Wisconsin

WI
Good
Debt SOL:6 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:5%

Limited state law - Federal applies

Wyoming

WY
Moderate
Debt SOL:8 years
Charity Care:200% FPL
Max Interest:7%

No state law - Federal applies

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Federal Protections (All States)

No Surprises Act (2022)

Protects patients from surprise bills for emergency services and out-of-network providers at in-network facilities. Requires good faith cost estimates.

501(r) Charity Care

All nonprofit hospitals must have written financial assistance policies and cannot take extraordinary collection actions without eligibility screening.

FDCPA Protection

The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act prohibits debt collectors from using abusive, unfair, or deceptive practices to collect debts.

FCRA Credit Reporting

Medical debt under $500 cannot be reported to credit bureaus. Paid medical debt must be removed within 45 days.